Maijishan Grottoes in Tianshui

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The Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟) are located in Maiji District (麦积区) of Tianshui City (天水市), in Gansu Province (甘肃省), China. The Maijishan Scenic Area (麦积山风景名胜区) spans a total area of 234.22 square kilometers, with the core scenic area covering 108.73 square kilometers, which accounts for 46.42% of the entire district.

Important Sites

The Maijishan Grottoes are one of China’s Four Great Grottoes (中国四大石窟), renowned for their exceptional preservation of sculptures, murals, and cave temples. The grottoes began construction in the early 5th century and now feature 221 caves, more than 10,000 clay and stone sculptures, and over 1,000 square meters of murals. These grottoes are particularly famous for their clay sculptures and stone-based clay sculptures, with the Northern Wei (北魏) era sculptures being the most complete representation of the North Wei style, making them an outstanding example of Eastern Buddhist art.

Maijishan is also home to Danxia landforms, picturesque peaks, lush forests, curved rivers, and hot springs, offering a blend of cultural and natural attractions. In 1982, it was recognized as one of China’s first National Scenic Areas (国家级风景名胜区), and in 2011, it was designated as a National 5A Scenic Area (国家AAAAA级旅游景区), the highest level for tourist destinations in China.

Key Attractions

Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟)

Fairy Cliff (仙人崖)

Stone Gate (石门)

Curved Creek (曲溪)

Jieting Hot Springs (街亭温泉)

History

The Maijishan Grottoes began their construction during the Former Qin (后秦) dynasty in the 16th year of the 5th century. Since then, they have been expanded and renovated by various dynasties, including the Northern Wei (北魏), Western Wei (西魏), Sui (隋), Tang (唐), Five Dynasties (五代), Song (宋), Yuan (元), Ming (明), and Qing (清) dynasties, making the grottoes a product of continuous religious and cultural development for more than 1,600 years.

The grottoes feature different periods of artistic and architectural styles, including the early, middle, and late Northern Wei periods. The grottoes from the Western Wei period adopted a more palace-like architectural style, reflecting the Buddhist influence from the royal family.

The Sui and Tang periods marked an important turning point for the Maijishan Grottoes. By the Northern Zhou period, the cliffs were already densely populated with grottoes, with fewer open spaces for new caves. Many of the existing caves were expanded or renovated during these times.

In the Five Dynasties and Song period, large-scale repairs were conducted to restore and add new sculptures, while the Ming and Yuan dynasties marked a period of decline for the grottoes, with fewer new sculptures and murals.

The Republic of China period saw the Maijishan Grottoes fall into neglect, with only a few monks maintaining the site. It wasn’t until 1940, when Feng Guorui (冯国瑞), a renowned scholar from Tianshui, recognized the historical and cultural significance of the grottoes, that efforts began to restore and protect the site.

Famous Cultural Artifacts

Poems and Writings

One of the famous literary descriptions of Maijishan comes from the Five Dynasties poet Wang Renyu (王仁裕). In his book, Yutang Xianhua (玉堂闲话), he writes:

“Maijishan lies north of the Qingwei River and gradually descends southward to Liangdang; a range of 500 miles of hills. Maijishan rises from the middle of this expanse, with towering peaks resembling piles of wheat, hence the name Maijishan.”

Legends

According to the historical text “Gaoseng Zhuan” (高僧传), Xuanguo (玄高), a monk from Shiyang Temple (石羊寺) in Gansu (甘肃), went into hiding in Maijishan during a period of political turmoil, which led to the mountain being named Maijishan (麦积山).

Another story in the Wei Shu (魏书) from the Northern Wei period records an incident in the 3rd year of Zhengshi (正始三年), where a local magistrate, Lu Gou’er (吕苟儿), led an army through Maijishan to assist in a rebellion.

Mural and Sculpture Highlights

The Northern Wei (北魏) cave carvings are distinguished by their early-style, simple, square shapes. The caves were often small but had intricate depictions of Buddha statues (佛像) and bodhisattvas (菩萨). As the centuries passed, the carvings became more complex, with multiple platforms, seating arrangements, and architectural elements.

The most iconic caves from the Western Wei (西魏) and Sui (隋) periods are characterized by their distinct architectural styles. These caves resemble the styles of palace halls and reflected the royal patronage of Buddhism during those periods.

Cultural and Religious Significance

As a religious and cultural heritage site, Maijishan Grottoes represent the unique blend of Buddhist art, architectural styles, and the history of Buddhism (佛教) in China. With its fascinating history spanning over 1,600 years, the site is not only a treasure trove of ancient sculptures and murals but also a symbol of the devotion and artistry of generations of monks, artists, and artisans.

The Maijishan Grottoes continue to serve as a pilgrimage site for Buddhists, while also attracting scholars, historians, and tourists interested in China’s rich religious heritage.

Geographical Environment

Location and Boundaries

The Maijishan Scenic Area (麦积山风景名胜区) is located in Maiji Town (麦积镇) in Tianshui City (天水市), Gansu Province (甘肃省). The area is centered around Maiji Town and stretches to the southwest of Dangchuan Township (党川乡) (home to the Curved Creek Scenic Area), the northwest (part of the Stone Gate Scenic Area), and the southern tip of Boyang Town (伯阳镇). The site crosses both the northern and southern sections of the Qinling Mountains (秦岭).

The total area of the Maijishan Scenic Area is 234.22 square kilometers, with the core scenic area covering 108.73 square kilometers, accounting for 46.42% of the entire zone. The boundaries of the scenic area are defined by Yangjia Mountain (杨家山) in the northeast, Guanyin Temple (观音殿) to the east, and Bao Tian Highway (宝天高速) to the northwest.

Geological Features

The geological formations in the area are primarily composed of red sandstone and light-colored metamorphic rocks. Maijishan (麦积山) and Fairy Cliff (仙人崖) are examples of typical Danxia landforms (丹霞地貌), known for their striking red cliffs and rugged, dramatic landscapes.

Climate

The Maijishan Scenic Area lies in a transitional zone between the subtropical and warm temperate zones, characterized by mild temperatures and abundant rainfall. The area receives an annual average precipitation of over 800 millimeters, with the highest temperature reaching 32.5°C and the lowest dipping to -16.8°C in winter. The region enjoys a frost-free period of approximately 230 days annually, with around 2,307 hours of sunshine and an average relative humidity of 74%. The area is often referred to as the “Little Jiangnan of Longxi” (陇上小江南), due to its mild climate and beautiful scenery.

Scenic Layout

The Maijishan Scenic Area features two major categories of scenic resources, seven sub-categories, and 21 smaller categories, totaling 86 distinct attractions.

Key Scenic Areas

Maijishan Grottoes Area

The Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟) are a central attraction. Measures have been taken to preserve and improve the environment around the grottoes, with efforts to restore surrounding landscapes and remove non-cultural buildings, such as the Maijishan Art Research Institute (麦积山艺术研究所). The area around the grottoes will also include improved pathways and vegetation restoration to enhance the visitor experience.

Luohan Cliff Area (罗汉崖)

The Luohan Cliff (罗汉崖) is another notable site in the scenic area, known for its historical significance and religious relevance. Efforts are being made to protect the Luohan Cliff Grottoes and improve the visitor experience by building a themed exhibition hall showcasing the area’s history and cultural significance.

Botanical Garden Area

The Maijishan Botanical Garden (麦积植物园) will be renovated and expanded with educational exhibits focusing on plant life and science. Visitors can also explore other scenic sites like the Sanfanyan (三扇崖) and Yan Family Waterfall (阎家瀑布), combining natural beauty and historical exploration.

Fairy Cliff Scenic Area (仙人崖景区)

This area is themed around the stunning Five Peaks (五峰) and Six Temples (六寺) as well as the Stone Lotus Gorge (石莲幽谷). Plans are in place to upgrade the Fairy Cliff Grottoes (仙人崖石窟) and surrounding areas to provide better visitor access, including improved hiking paths and educational facilities such as a Geological Museum (地质博物馆). Additional areas like the Danxia Peak Forest (丹霞峰林) will also be developed to offer visitors a broader exploration of the region’s unique geology and natural beauty.

Stone Gate Scenic Area (石门景区)

The Stone Gate Scenic Area (石门景区) is defined by its towering peaks and deep valleys, and it is famous for its Taoist associations. Notable locations include Stone Gate Peak (石门峰), Lotus Peak (莲花峰), and Yingyue Lake (映月湖). This area will be developed with new hiking trails and observation points, offering visitors opportunities for cultural exploration, mountain views, and adventure activities.

Curved Creek Scenic Area (曲溪景区)

The Curved Creek Scenic Area (曲溪景区) is characterized by its serene valleys and lush greenery. Visitors can explore Curved Creek (曲溪), enjoy nature walks, or take part in activities like bamboo raft drifting. Plans for the area include eco-tourism and educational activities to engage visitors in sustainable environmental practices.

Main Attractions of Maijishan Grottoes in Tianshui (麦积山景区)

Maijishan Grottoes is located in the southern part of Maiji Town, 28 kilometers from the Tianshui railway station. The scenic area spans two valleys originating from the Yongchuan River, with attractions such as Maijishan Grottoes, Ruiying Temple (瑞应寺), Diaoke Valley (雕窠峪), Tianchi Ping (天池坪), Xiangji Mountain (香积山), Douji Mountain (豆积山), and Maijishan Botanical Garden (麦积山植物园).

Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟)

Also known as Maijicli Cliff (麦积崖), the Maijishan Grottoes are a solitary peak rising in the process of the northern extension of the western Qinling Mountains. The mountain, made of third-century sandstone, stands 142 meters tall. Its shape is similar to a conical grain stack, which is the origin of its name.

The grottoes are carved into the cliffs on the east, west, and south sides of the mountain, at heights of 20 to 80 meters. The caves are arranged in layers, resembling a beehive. The paths between them are connected by suspended walkways and ladders that spiral into the sky, creating a remarkable view. The peak is covered in greenery, and ancient pines hang down between the cliffs, making the area famous for its majestic, unique, and perilous beauty.

The construction of the Maijishan Grottoes began during the Later Qin dynasty (384–417 CE) under Emperor Yao Xing (姚兴), who strongly promoted Buddhism. It expanded in subsequent dynasties, including the Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, and Sui, forming the largest grotto complex in the region. It became a center for Buddhist monks from the Guanzhong area.

During the Western Wei dynasty, Empress Yuan Baoyu (元宝炬皇后乙弗氏) became a nun and, after her death, had a grotto carved into Maijishan to serve as her tomb, named “Silent Tomb” (寂陵). In the Northern Zhou, General Li Yun (李允) ordered the construction of the Seven Buddha Pavilion (七佛阁) on the eastern cliff in memory of his father, which became the largest cave structure on the mountain.

Following a major earthquake during the Tang Dynasty (734 CE), the middle section of the cliff collapsed, splitting the grottoes into east and west parts, containing 221 caves in total. Some of the most exquisite caves include the Reclining Buddha Cave (卧佛洞), Thousand Buddha Corridor (千佛廊), and various others.

The caves feature over 10,600 statues, wall paintings covering 1,300 square meters, and represent various Buddhist themes. The statues from the Later Qin to the Qing Dynasty show detailed artistic development over the centuries, including works from the Northern Wei period with their distinct facial features, to the vibrant costumes of the Tang dynasty, and more refined and elaborate sculptures of the Ming period. The rock-carved statues, including grand figures of Maitreya (弥勒佛) and Avalokitesvara (观音菩萨), are deeply expressive, displaying joy, anger, compassion, and serenity.

One unique feature of the Maijishan Grottoes is the mist that often shrouds the area during the summer and autumn rains, creating a surreal and ethereal atmosphere.

Ruiying Temple (瑞应寺)

Located 200 meters southeast of the Maijishan Grottoes on a plateau, Ruiying Temple was constructed around the same time as the grottoes. The temple’s name has been granted by successive dynasties, including the Eastern Jin Dynasty (东晋) when it was called Wuyou Temple (无忧寺) and later renamed by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty (宋徽宗) as Ruiying Temple (瑞应寺).

The current temple was rebuilt during the Qing Dynasty (嘉庆二十五年, 1820). The main hall, which originally housed wooden statues of Bodhisattvas and guardians, was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. Today, the temple houses ancient wall paintings and a collection of relics displayed in glass cabinets.

The temple is built in a north-south orientation, with an area of 701.7 square meters. Its central axis includes the Mountain Gate (山门), Heavenly King Hall (天王殿), Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿), and eastern and western side halls. There were once bell and drum towers on both sides of the Heavenly King Hall. The architecture features intricate wood carvings and decorative elements such as lotus and dragon patterns.

The Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿) is the largest building in the temple, featuring a single-eaved mountain-style roof with exquisite brick carvings of lotus flowers, dragons, and other motifs. Despite damage during the Cultural Revolution, some of the murals and relics have been preserved, and the temple has been an important site for both Buddhist and cultural research.

Diaoke Valley (雕窠峪)

Located 1.5 kilometers to the northeast of Maijishan, Diaoke Valley (雕窠峪) is known for its spectacular cliff formations, resembling the reversed petals of a folding fan. The cliffs are divided into left, middle, and right sections, with their heights varying from tens to nearly 100 meters.

The area is covered with pine trees and has rock formations that resemble bird nests. In the rainy season, waterfalls cascade down from the cliffs, while in winter, icicles form, creating a natural ice sculpture.

The Southern Song Dynasty (南宋) recorded this area in the “Fangyu Shenglan” (方舆胜览) as an ideal summer resort, providing cool shade and shelter from the wind. The remains of a summer palace built by Wei Xiao (隗嚣), a warlord from the Eastern Han Dynasty (东汉), can still be seen here.

Tianchi Ping (天池坪)

Located 2.5 kilometers southeast of Maijishan, Tianchi Ping is named after the natural reservoir formed in a mountain valley. The pond is surrounded by moss, shrubs, and wild grass. The area is rich in natural beauty, including original secondary forests and flowing cold-water rivers, which eventually feed into the Jialing River (嘉陵江) and Wei River (渭河).

At an elevation of 2,197 meters, Tianchi Ping offers breathtaking views of Maijishan and the surrounding mountain ranges. The top of the mountain is covered with various shrubs and bare rocks, and the area is perfect for hiking and experiencing the local landscape.

Douji Mountain (豆积山)

Located 2 kilometers to the northwest of Maijishan, Douji Mountain is cone-shaped and covered in ancient pine trees. The mountain is lower and more rounded than Maijishan but still offers incredible views of the surrounding valleys.

The area is known for its beautiful cliffs, including the famous Luohan Cliff (罗汉崖), which resembles a monk meditating in a seated position. The cliff is home to sculptures of the three Buddhas from the Five Dynasties (五代), as well as various figures of kings and warriors. A large Buddha statue, once found here, has been destroyed, but the remaining carvings and the surrounding landscape still convey a sense of tranquility.

Douji Mountain also features a temple complex, originally built in the Song Dynasty (宋), and later rebuilt during the 1990s. The temple houses significant relics, including the largest red cedar in the northwest, which stands 15 meters tall with a 1.4-meter circumference.

Maijishan Forest Park (麦积国家森林公园)

Located about 1 kilometer northeast of Maijishan Grottoes, this park is an essential research base for the study of forest trees. Known as the “Xishuangbanna of Gansu,” the park covers an area of 3.7 square kilometers and features multiple areas such as forest ecology, natural reserves, and exhibition areas. It is a peaceful retreat combining scientific research, tourism, and leisure.

Notable Features: The park includes sculptures depicting various scenes, including “The Reindeer Maiden,” “Shennong Tasting Herbs,” and “The Peony Fairy,” with towering statues. The park also features a pond, a walking path, and a mountain that gives visitors a spectacular view of the Maijishan landscape.

Xiangji Mountain (香积山)

Located 2.5 kilometers south of Maijishan, Xiangji Mountain has an elevation of 1,943 meters and is famous for its ancient Xiangji Temple, now a historical site. The mountain also features the Yu Xiang Cave, a large limestone cave with formations such as stalactites and stalagmites. This site was used by the local population for various religious and cultural ceremonies.

Xiannian Cliff Scenic Area (仙人崖景区)

Situated 30 kilometers northeast of Maijishan, the Xiannian Cliff Scenic Area is a beautiful and ancient site with a rich blend of natural and man-made features. The area spans over 10 square kilometers and includes prominent sites such as the East and West Cliffs, Jade Emperor Peak, and many other historical temples and caves.

Notable Features: The scenic area houses 27 buildings from the Ming and Qing dynasties, with over 100 Buddhist statues and a variety of murals, showcasing a fusion of cultural history and natural beauty.

Western Cliff (西崖)

The Western Cliff is a semicircular natural cave, 116.4 meters long and 20.7 meters deep. The cave features several temples, including the “Three Officials Hall” (三官殿) and “The Monk’s Temple” (喇嘛佛殿). Within these temples, visitors can find intricate statues and murals dating back to the Ming Dynasty.

Notable Features: The “Three Officials Hall” features statues of Taoist deities, and the “Monk’s Temple” is dedicated to the famous Buddhist monk, the “Sengjia Master.”

Xianzhufeng (献珠峰)

Xianzhufeng, a solitary peak located about 50 meters east of the Western Cliff, offers visitors a picturesque view and a spiritual atmosphere. At the first platform, visitors can find the “Holy Mother Temple” (圣母殿), dedicated to the Goddess of Mercy, and further up the peak, the famous “Wang Yun Lou” (望云楼) and “Wu Liang Dian” (无量殿).

Notable Features: The peak is known for its panoramic views and the story of the “immortal light” (仙人送灯) observed during clear nights when the mountain glows with mysterious light.

Eastern Cliff (东崖)

Located about 200 meters east of the “Needle Grinding Hall” (磨针殿), the Eastern Cliff is a natural stone cave, which houses several temples, including the “Wenchang Palace” (文昌宫), the “Arhat Hall” (罗汉堂), and the “Goddess of Mercy Temple” (观音殿).

Notable Features: The temple complex is filled with ancient statues and intricate murals, depicting Buddhist stories and Taoist mythology. The “Arhat Hall” is especially famous for its gold-plated statues of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas.

Jade Emperor Peak (玉皇峰)

This peak, located between the East and West Cliffs, offers stunning views of the surrounding area. On top of the peak, the “Jade Emperor Temple” (玉皇殿) is located, where visitors can find statues of the Jade Emperor and other deities.

Notable Features: The temple’s structure is an architectural marvel, and the panoramic views from the top are breathtaking.

Southern Cliff (南崖)

The Southern Cliff is renowned for its thousands of small Buddha statues carved into the cliff face. Many of these statues date back to the Northern Wei period (386–534 AD). The cliff also houses the “Thousand Hands Thousand Eyes Bodhisattva Temple” (千手千眼菩萨殿), dedicated to the Bodhisattva of Compassion.

Notable Features: This area has a serene atmosphere and is perfect for contemplation and enjoying the tranquility of the surrounding nature.

Xiannian Lake (仙人湖)

In 1989, an artificial lake was constructed in the valley south of Baogai Peak (宝盖峰). The lake covers an area of around 20,000 square meters and holds approximately 175,000 cubic meters of water. Visitors can enjoy boat rides on the lake and relax by the lakeside pavilions.

Notable Features: The lake is often surrounded by mist, giving it a mystical and calming atmosphere. It is also known for its connection to local folklore about the royal family members who hid there after the fall of the Ming Dynasty.

Jingtu Temple (净土寺)

Jingtu Temple, also known as Manshu Temple (曼殊寺), is located to the east of Houchuan Village, nestled in a small basin. It is one of the Eight Scenic Spots of Tianshui (天水). Founded in the early Song Dynasty, it was originally named Jigu Temple (寄骨寺), Kyoto Temple (京都寺), and Jingtu Temple. According to legend, it was where the sister of Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang once became a nun.

Architectural Highlights: The temple complex was originally built with various structures, including the Mountain Gate, Bell and Drum Tower, Weituo Hall, King of Heaven Hall, Ksitigarbha Hall, Triple Towers, Grand Buddha Hall, and Bodhisattva Hall. During the Cultural Revolution, all but five monk’s quarters were destroyed. From 1993 onward, Buddhist monks from Mount Wutai (五台山) began the reconstruction with a fund of 78 million RMB. By 2006, several halls were completed, including the Four-column Three-room Stone Archway, Pu Du Bridge, Mountain Gate, Bell Tower, King of Heaven Hall, Guanyin Hall, and various other halls covering over 6,300 square meters.

Cultural Significance: The temple is surrounded by 18 steep mountains, known as the “Eighteen Arhats Worshiping Manjushri,” and the temple’s location offers a picturesque view with waterfalls, winding streams, and lush forests. The temple also has a “Pine Forest Sound” (松涛) during mountain winds, earning its place in the “Top Ten Sceneries of Qinzhou” (秦州十景).

Shilian Valley (石莲谷)

Located in the western valley of Xiannian Cliff (仙人崖), Shilian Valley stretches for approximately 4 kilometers. The valley is a tributary of the Dongke River and is famous for its crystal-clear water. The water flows gently in certain areas, creating a musical sound, while in other parts, the rapids form spectacular waterfalls resembling thunder. The large rocks, weathered by sunlight and water, take on the shape of white lotuses, giving the valley its name.

Notable Features: The valley is adorned with inscriptions, including the words “Shilian Valley” (石莲谷) written by Feng Guorui (冯国瑞), and poetic verses such as “The path winds and turns” (峰回路转) and “Cicadas sing, the forest grows still, birds sing, and the mountains grow more peaceful” (蝉噪林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽).

Luohan Gorge (罗汉沟)

Located at the southern edge of the scenic area, approximately 3 kilometers from Xiannian Cliff, Luohan Gorge is an open valley surrounded by towering peaks. It is known for the “Eighteen Arhats Facing the Buddha” (十八罗汉朝佛祖) and features notable landmarks such as Elephant Nose Cliff (象鼻崖), Gorge Gate Cliff (峡门崖), and Rocket Mountain (火箭山).

Shimen Mountain Scenic Area (石门山景区)

Shimen Mountain is situated at the border of Boyang Town (伯阳镇) and Dangchuan Township (党川乡), about 50 kilometers from the city center and 15 kilometers from Xiannian Cliff. The area, which covers 15 square kilometers, is divided into two main scenic spots: Shimen Mountain (石门山) and Fangma Beach (放马滩).

Notable Features: Shimen Mountain is known for its steep cliffs, dense forests, and impressive flora and fauna. It has been praised as the “Small Yellow Mountain” (小黄山) of the northwest due to its combination of grandeur, ruggedness, and beauty. The mountain houses rare wildlife such as deer, wild boars, and parrots, as well as ancient trees like the Chinese fir, water fir, and ginkgo. Notable spots include the Five Peaks of Shimen (石门五峰) and several temples such as Wuyang Temple (五阳观) and the “Nine Door Nine Path” (九门九道厢). The famous “Shimen Night Moon” (石门夜月) is a must-see, where the moon rises under the “Gathering Immortals Bridge” (聚仙桥).

Qilin Peak (麒麟峰)

Qilin Peak, located at the northernmost point of Shimen Mountain, is home to the Wangmu Palace (王母宫) at the summit. The palace is a traditional eight-cornered, double-eaved building with seven statues, including one of Wangmu (Queen Mother of the West). Visitors can also explore the Sanxiao Hall (三霄殿), Taohuayan Hermitage (桃花庵), and remnants of a three-story building destroyed by fire.

Xinglong Peak (兴隆峰)

Also known as North Peak, Xinglong Peak is located to the northwest of Qilin Peak. The main structure here is the Zushi Hall (祖师殿), built in the Ming Dynasty. The hall houses seven statues, including one of Zushi (Master). There are also additional temples, including Zhao Gong Hall (赵公殿) and Sanqing Hall (三清殿).

Doumu Peak (斗姆峰)

Doumu Peak, also called Small North Peak, is located south of Qilin Peak. Key buildings on this peak include the Lingguan Hall (灵官殿), Wenchang Palace (文昌宫), and Caishen Hall (财神殿). The Lingguan Hall features a statue of King Lingguan, with intricate carvings of elephants and lions on the side walls.

Huangtian Peak (皇天峰)

Huangtian Peak, also known as Small South Peak, faces Doumu Peak. The mountain’s summit is shaped like a threshold, and it is said that the moon palace’s Wu Gang used an axe to create the peak. The “Gathering Immortals Bridge” (聚仙桥) connects the two peaks. The site is famous for the view of the moon rising through the bridge, creating a breathtaking spectacle known as “Shimen Night Moon” (石门夜月).

Yuling Peak (玉灵峰)

Yuling Peak, the highest peak at 2,095 meters in Shimen Mountain, offers breathtaking views of the surrounding area. Key sites include the San Guan Hall (三官殿) and Lingxiao Hall (灵霄殿), which houses the Jade Emperor (玉皇大帝) and other Taoist deities.

Wuyang Temple (五阳观)

Wuyang Temple is located at the western foot of Shimen Mountain, near the “Eighteen Plate” (十八盘). The temple is famous for its five connected peaks that form a symbol of “Five Goats Opening the World” (五羊开泰). It was originally built during the Southern Song Dynasty (1174-1189) and was rebuilt in 1981. The temple complex includes the Zhenwu Palace (真武宫), Holy Mother Hall (圣母殿), and Eight Immortals Hall (八仙宫), with a total of 34 statues of various Taoist deities.

Notable Features: The temple is well-known for the “White Deer Gate” (白鹿映门) and the “Eighteen Plate,” a challenging path up the mountain. Visitors can also see the “Hanging Picture Cliff” (挂画崖) and the “Moon Viewing Lake” (映月湖), which was once a reservoir but is now a dried-up lake.

Shuanglong Gorge (双龙峡)

Shuanglong Gorge is located in the northeastern valley of Xinglong Peak (兴隆峰). The gorge is 500 meters long and at its widest, it spans 20 meters. According to legend, two dragons, one green and one yellow, fought here and could not decide the victor. They then stood facing each other, waiting for an opportunity, eventually turning into two peaks. The valley between the peaks is known as Shuanglong Gorge.

Waterfall: A magnificent waterfall cascades from giant rocks, approximately 100 meters high, flowing through three bends and eighteen drops, resembling a white silk ribbon in mid-air. The waterfall produces three distinct sounds during its descent, hence it is known as the “Three-Resonance Waterfall” (三响瀑布). In winter, the water freezes, forming large ice pillars that stand tall and glisten.

Tianzhu Mountain (天柱山)

Tianzhu Mountain is situated on the left side of Shuanglong Gorge. It has a pillar-like shape, steep and towering, with stone steps leading to the summit. Legend has it that it was once a passage for immortals traveling to the Southern Heavenly Gate. The stone steps are called the “Heavenly Ladder” (天梯). From the top, visitors can enjoy a panoramic view of the Weishui River (渭水) flowing down and the cloud sea below, offering a feeling of being in the sky. This scene is referred to as the “Heavenly Gate Viewing Cloud” (天门观云).

Fangma Beach (放马滩)

Fangma Beach is located south of the Shimen Scenic Area (石门景区) and at the northern end of Dangchuan Township (党川乡), with an elevation of 1,720 meters. It covers an area of 7.8 square kilometers and is known for its flat terrain and lush vegetation. This area was one of the horse-rearing grounds of the Qin Kingdom during the Western Zhou period.

Archaeological Significance: In 1986, 13 tombs from the late Warring States period and one tomb from the Western Han Dynasty were discovered here, along with over 400 relics, including a wooden map of the Warring States and a paper map from the Western Han Dynasty. In 1994, the Xiaolong Mountain Forestry Bureau erected a stone monument and placed 8 stone horse sculptures. In 1997, the area was designated as a national forest park.

Notable Peaks: The surrounding mountains, including the beautiful Jiunv Peak (九女峰), are known for their stunning scenery.

Jiumen Jiudaoxiang (九门九道厢)

Located about 2 kilometers east of the Moon Viewing Lake (映月湖) and north of Shimen Village (石门村) in Boyang Town (伯阳镇), Jiumen Jiudaoxiang is a narrow gorge with towering cliffs resembling gateposts. It is named after the nine deep valleys that form gates along the path. This is a must-see area for those traveling from Jieting (街亭) to Shimen Mountain (石门山).

Jieting Scenic Area (街亭景区)

Jieting Scenic Area is a cultural hub located in the upper reaches of the Dongke River (东柯河). It is divided between Maiji (麦积) and Ganquan (甘泉) towns, with Jieting Town (街亭镇) serving as the central point, situated 18 kilometers from Beidaobu (北道埠). The area is known for its historical significance and is a key access point to other scenic areas such as Shimen and Xianren Cliff (仙人崖).

Cultural Significance: Jieting was historically a vital route for travelers moving between Qinzhou (秦州) and Shaanxi’s Hanzhong (汉中). The area contains many cultural landmarks including the East Ke Caotang (东柯草堂), Jieting Ancient Town (街亭古镇), Shennong Mountain (神农山), and Qianfo Cave (千佛洞).

Du Fu Caotang (杜甫草堂)

Du Fu Caotang, located 2 kilometers west of Jieting Town, is a place where the famous Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu (杜甫) stayed during his exile in 759 AD. Here, he wrote several poems about the area, including “To My Nephew Du Zuo” (示侄佐).

Architectural Features: The original grass hut was built during the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127) and was later rebuilt after being destroyed during wars. The modern structure is a wooden building with 12 columns and a sloped roof. The surrounding area is tranquil and surrounded by dense forests.

Jieting Ancient Town (街亭古镇)

Jieting Ancient Town, also known as Jiezi Town (街子镇), is located at the eastern end of the Dongke River Valley. The town covers an area of 15.6 hectares and has preserved many historical buildings from the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Notable Buildings: The town features two-story timber and brick buildings, typical courtyard houses, and ancient city gates. Key historical sites include the Shanxi-Hubei Guild Hall (山陕会馆), the Shisheng Pavilion (诗圣阁), and the Wenchang Pavilion (文昌阁), which are significant cultural landmarks.

Shennong Mountain (神龙山)

Shennong Mountain, also known as Shenlong Mountain (神灵山), is located about 4 kilometers southeast of Jieting Town in Yongqing Village (永庆村). The mountain stands isolated, with an elevation of 1,605 meters. Legend holds that the ancient emperor and herbalist, Shennong, once lived here.

Archaeological Significance: Remnants from the Neolithic era, including charcoal layers and stone tools, have been discovered on the mountain. The area also features remnants of temples from the Tang to Qing Dynasties.

Qianfo Cave (千佛洞)

Qianfo Cave is located on a cliff about 50 meters above the ground in Yangjiaping (杨家坪), Tanzi Village (滩子村). The cave was carved during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) and originally had three entrances. Today, only the eastern cave remains, containing statues of three Buddhas and four disciples.

Notable Features: The cave once housed 500 Buddha figures on each side of its walls, making up the “Thousand Buddhas” (千佛). However, many of these statues have been destroyed by theft and vandalism. A stone tablet inscribed with the words “Ming Kai Qing Jun” (明开清竣) stands outside the cave.

Hot Springs (温泉)

The hot springs are located in Wenjia Gorge (温家峡) in the upper reaches of the Dongke River. Discovered in 1986, the springs emit warm water with temperatures ranging from 34°C to 39°C. The water is rich in minerals such as radon, silicon, boron, and cobalt, making it beneficial for treating various ailments.

Therapeutic Benefits: The water is especially effective for conditions such as arthritis, skin diseases, and foot diseases. The area was transformed into a hot spring resort in 1997, featuring traditional-style buildings, a lotus pond, and guest accommodations.

Quqi Scenic Area (曲溪景区)

Quqi Scenic Area is located in the southwestern part of Dangchuan Township (党川乡), about 16 kilometers north of Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟). The area spans 6 square kilometers and has an elevation ranging from 1,300 to 1,500 meters. It is renowned for its natural beauty and is often called “Gansu’s Jiuzhaigou” (甘肃的九寨沟).

Notable Features: The area is home to winding rivers, lush forests, and diverse wildlife, including giant salamanders (娃娃鱼), otters, and a variety of rare birds. The area has been designated as a national forest park since 1997.

Historical and Cultural Background

Maijishan (麦积山), also known as Maiji Cliff (麦积崖), has a rich historical significance. Its name first appeared in the Biography of Great Monks (高僧传·玄高传), which recounts the tale of the monk Xuangao (玄高) from the Shiyang Temple (石羊寺) in Guanzhong, who sought refuge in Maijishan due to political turmoil. Additionally, the Book of Wei (魏书·李焕传) mentions that in 506 AD, during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Lu Gou’er (吕苟儿), a local official, rebelled in the region of Qinzhou (秦州). The imperial commissioner Li Huan (李焕) sent troops to Maiji Cliff to provide support.

The famous Five Dynasties poet and literary figure Wang Renyu (王仁裕) also described Maijishan in his work Yutang Xianhua (玉堂闲话·麦积山), describing the mountain as follows:
“Maijishan stretches northward, across the Qingwei River (清渭), and slopes southward to Liangdang (两当). The mountain rises abruptly, standing a million feet tall, looking like a pile of wheat stacked by a farmer, hence its name.”

Major Events and Activities

Maijishan Qin Opera Musical Premiere

On April 24, 2024, the premiere of the Maijishan Sacred Song (麦积圣歌), a Qin Opera musical, was successfully held at the Maijishan Visitor Center.

Maijishan Stargazing and Music Festival

On August 9, 2024, the Stargazing Music Festival: Midsummer Sound Party (星空音乐节·盛夏潮音趴) was held at the Maijishan Visitor Center’s “Starlight Nest,” offering a fusion of celestial views and vibrant performances.

Preservation and Development

The Maijishan Grottoes officially opened to the public in 1985. Since then, major renovations have been undertaken at notable sites such as Xianren Cliff (仙人崖) and Shimen (石门). By 1988, repairs were completed on 18 architectural structures, including the Three Officials Hall (三官殿), the Goddess of Mercy Hall (观音殿), and the Buddha Halls.

In 1993, a fundraising effort was initiated by Hai Zheng (海正), a monk from Wutai Mountain (五台山), to rebuild the Jingtu Temple (净土寺). Other infrastructure projects included the construction of a 21-kilometer tourist route from Jieting (街亭) to Shimen in 1987 and the paving of a 10-kilometer mountain trail.

By 1999, the development of Du Fu’s Caotang (杜甫草堂) began. Additional facilities such as a new parking lot and visitor centers were also constructed in the early 2000s to improve accessibility.

In 2024, the Maijishan Large Scenic Area Visitor Center began its trial operations.

Management and Oversight

The Maijishan Scenic Area Management Committee (麦积山大景区管理委员会) is responsible for the management of Maijishan, Xianren Cliff, Shimen, Quqi, and Jieting Hot Springs, overseeing more than 180 scenic spots. The committee operates as a government body under the supervision of the Tianshui Municipal Party Committee and Government (天水市委、天水市政府).

The Tianshui Maijishan Cultural Tourism Development Co., Ltd. (天水麦积山文化旅游发展有限责任公司), founded in November 2016, is a state-owned enterprise. It handles the development of cultural tourism projects, transportation, parking services, and the promotion of local cultural products within the Maijishan Scenic Area.

Honors and Recognition

In November 1982, the Maijishan Scenic Area was approved as one of the first national scenic spots by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

On December 1, 2007, Maijishan was honored as one of the “Top 10 Scenic Areas in China with the Most Potential.”

On August 18, 2015, it was awarded the title of “Most Beautiful Green Ecological and Culturally Rich Tourism Destination in China.”

In January 2011, the Maijishan Scenic Area was officially designated as a National 5A Tourist Destination by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People’s Republic of China.

In November 2024, the Maijishan Scenic Area was recognized as one of the “Top 100 Most Influential 5A Tourist Attractions in China for 2024.”

Maijishan Grottoes, a site known for its historical significance and natural beauty, continues to attract visitors from all over the world, blending rich culture, breathtaking views, and centuries of heritage.

Ticket Prices

The entrance ticket for Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山) is 80 CNY per person. If you do not visit the caves, the ticket price is 25 CNY per person.

The round-trip sightseeing bus for Maijishan Grottoes is 15 CNY per person. The round-trip sightseeing bus for Xianren Cliff (仙人崖) is 10 CNY per person.

Shuttle bus tickets from Maijishan Visitor Center (麦积山游客服务中心) to Maijishan Grottoes:

• High season: 45 CNY per person

• Low season: 35 CNY per person

Shuttle bus tickets from Maijishan Visitor Center to Xianren Cliff:

• High season: 50 CNY per person

• Low season: 45 CNY per person

The combination ticket for Maijishan Grottoes, the shuttle bus, and the sightseeing bus is 110 CNY per person.

The combination ticket for Xianren Cliff, the shuttle bus, and the sightseeing bus is 70 CNY per person.

The entrance ticket for Shimen Scenic Area (石门景区) is 40 CNY per person.

Transportation

By Air

Tianshui Airport (天水机场) is located 13 km from the city center and approximately 37 km from Maijishan Scenic Area. Direct flights to Tianshui are available from cities such as Xi’an, Tianjin, Dalian, Chongqing, Nanjing, and Hangzhou.

By Train

Tianshui Railway Station (天水火车站) is located 20 km from the city center and approximately 30 km from Maijishan Scenic Area.

Tianshui South Station (天水南站) is located 13 km from the city center and approximately 37 km from Maijishan Scenic Area.

City Bus Routes

From Tianshui Airport to Maijishan Grottoes:
Take bus No. 9 (towards Shanshui New City North) to Tianshui South Station and transfer to bus No. 60 (towards Jingtu Temple).
Alternatively, take bus No. 1 (towards Qinzhou Bus Station) to Tianshui South Station and transfer to bus No. 60.
Another option is to take bus No. 35 (towards Hangxiu Factory) to Tianshui South Station and transfer to bus No. 60.

From Tianshui Railway Station to Maijishan Grottoes:
Take bus No. 34 (direct to Maijishan).
Alternatively, take bus No. 1 to Tianshui South Station and transfer to bus No. 60.

From Tianshui South Station to Maijishan Grottoes:
Take bus No. 9 (towards Tiexi Garden) and transfer to bus No. 34 (towards Maijishan).
Alternatively, take bus No. 60 (direct to Jingtu Temple).

By Car

The G30 National Expressway (G30号国道) passes through the scenic area, with exits at Tianshui East (天水东), Jieting (街亭), and Danchuan (党川).

• Tianshui East Exit is 10 km from Maijishan and 15 km from Xianren Cliff.

• Jieting Exit is 3 km from Jieting Hot Springs (街亭温泉), 15 km from Xianren Cliff, and 12 km from Shimen Scenic Area.

• Danchuan Exit is 10 km from Shimen Scenic Area and 20 km from Xianren Cliff.

National Roads G310 and G316 can also be used to reach Maijishan Scenic Area.

Recommended Routes

One-Day Tours

Route 1

Morning: Visit Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟) — Maijishan Botanical Garden (麦积植物园) (Lunch)

Afternoon: Xianren Cliff (仙人崖) — Jingtu Temple (净土寺) — Maijishan Geological Museum (麦积山地质博物馆) (Dinner)

Route 2

Morning: Xianren Cliff (仙人崖) — Jingtu Temple (净土寺) — Maijishan Geological Museum (麦积山地质博物馆) (Lunch)

Afternoon: Visit Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟) — Maijishan Botanical Garden (麦积植物园) (Team Building, Bonfire Party, Dinner)

Route 3

Morning: Visit Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟) — Maijishan Botanical Garden (麦积植物园) (Lunch)

Afternoon: Xianren Cliff (仙人崖) — Jingtu Temple (净土寺) — Maijishan Hot Spring Hotel (麦积山温泉酒店) (Hot Springs, Dinner)

Route 4

Morning: Visit Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟) — Maijishan Botanical Garden (麦积植物园) (Lunch)

Afternoon: Muma Beach Forest Park (牧马滩森林公园) — Shimen (石门) — Maijishan Hot Spring Hotel (麦积山温泉酒店) (Hot Springs, Dinner) or Dinner at Houchuan Farmhouse (后川农家乐)

Route 5

Morning: Muma Beach Forest Park (牧马滩森林公园) — Shimen (石门) — Maijishan Geological Museum (麦积山地质博物馆) (Lunch)

Afternoon: Visit Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟) — Maijishan Botanical Garden (麦积植物园) (Team Building, Bonfire Party, Dinner)

Two-Day Tours

Route 1

Day 1:

• Morning: Visit Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟) — Maijishan Botanical Garden (麦积植物园) (Lunch)

• Afternoon: Xianren Cliff (仙人崖) — Jingtu Temple (净土寺) — Maijishan Geological Museum (麦积山地质博物馆) (Dinner, Accommodation)

Day 2:

• Morning: Muma Beach Forest Park (牧马滩森林公园) — Shimen (石门) — Shimen Resort (石门度假村) (Lunch)

• Afternoon: Jieting Ancient Town (街亭古镇) — Maijishan Hot Spring Hotel (麦积山温泉酒店) (Hot Springs, Dinner)

Route 2

Day 1:

• Morning: Visit Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟) — Maijishan Botanical Garden (麦积植物园) (Lunch)

• Afternoon: Jieting Ancient Town (街亭古镇) — Maijishan Hot Spring Hotel (麦积山温泉酒店) (Hot Springs, Dinner, Accommodation)

Day 2:

• Morning: Muma Beach Forest Park (牧马滩森林公园) — Shimen (石门) — Shimen Resort (石门度假村) (Lunch)

• Afternoon: Xianren Cliff (仙人崖) — Jingtu Temple (净土寺) — Maijishan Geological Museum (麦积山地质博物馆) (Dinner)

Route 3

Day 1:

• Morning: Muma Beach Forest Park (牧马滩森林公园) — Shimen (石门) — Shimen Resort (石门度假村) (Lunch)

• Afternoon: Xianren Cliff (仙人崖) — Jingtu Temple (净土寺) — Maijishan Geological Museum (麦积山地质博物馆) (Dinner, Accommodation)

Day 2:

• Morning: Visit Maijishan Grottoes (麦积山石窟) — Maijishan Botanical Garden (麦积植物园) (Lunch)

• Afternoon: Jieting Ancient Town (街亭古镇) — Maijishan Hot Spring Hotel (麦积山温泉酒店) (Hot Springs, Dinner)