Nanguan Grand Mosque in Lanzhou
Located in the bustling city center of Lanzhou, on the south side of the Nanguan intersection and the west side of Jiuquan Road, Lanzhou Nanguan Grand Mosque has a rich history. It is situated between the old South City Gate and Gonglan Gate (Nanshao Gate), which is why it is also known as the Gongnan Gate Grand Mosque or Nanshao Gate Grand Mosque.
Historical Background
Lanzhou Nanguan Grand Mosque is one of the six most famous mosques in Lanzhou from the Ming and Qing dynasties. According to local historical materials and inscriptions found within the original mosque, the mosque was established during the Hongwu period of the Ming dynasty (1368–1398).
Initial Construction
The mosque was built in 1368-1398 during the reign of the Ming Emperor Hongwu. According to local historical records, the mosque was originally funded and built by Ma family ancestors from Nanjing, Jiangsu, who settled in Lanzhou with Ming Prince Zhu Mo.
Expansion and Relocation
- 1376: The Ma family began fundraising and construction of the mosque after they settled in Lanzhou.
- 1436–1449: During the reign of Emperor Yingzong of the Ming dynasty, the mosque was relocated after the expansion of the South Gate city wall, moving to the northwest corner of the Xiangwen Street (Jiuquan Street).
- 1785: During the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, the mosque was once again relocated and rebuilt at its current location.
- 1920: A strong earthquake affected Lanzhou and damaged many buildings, including parts of the mosque. The local community raised funds to repair the mosque.
Architectural Features
The original Nanguan Grand Mosque covered an area of around 6 acres, with a building area of nearly 2000 square meters. The mosque is constructed in a traditional palace-style architectural design, with a series of buildings such as a gatehouse and pavilions, laid out in a harmonious and majestic manner.
Main Structures and Layout
- Gatehouse: The three-story gatehouse has a brick and wood structure with a 7-arch front. The first floor features five wooden doors, while the second and third floors have interlocking covered structures.
- Main Hall: The mosque has a main worship hall located in the center of the complex. This hall is a large building with significant Islamic cultural features, including engraved Quranic verses and inscriptions from famous scholars and officials. Notable inscriptions include “道冠古今” (“The Path Outshines All”) and “开天古教” (“The Ancient Teachings Open the Sky”), written by prominent officials.
- Worship Hall: The prayer hall is arranged in three parts: a front hall, a middle hall, and a rear hall, often referred to as “The Three from Ming” style. The building includes colorful glazed tile roofs and intricately carved woodwork, contributing to its majestic appearance.
New Construction (1982-2007)
In 1982, after the mosque was closed and demolished, the Lanzhou municipal government decided to rebuild it. The local Muslim community in Nanguan raised funds, and the reconstruction process began in 1988, culminating in the completion of the prayer hall in 1989.
The new hall was designed to resemble the style of Jerusalem’s Dome of the Rock, featuring a green dome and four levels, with a structure capable of withstanding earthquakes up to magnitude 8. The overall construction was completed by 2007, and the mosque now has a total area of 3000 square meters, with the prayer hall alone accommodating up to 1200 people.
Structure and Design
The mosque is oriented west-to-east, with the magnificent green dome at the center, clearly visible as one enters the mosque. The building’s design is striking with clean lines and a harmonious blend of green and white tones. Notable features include:
- Main Dome: The prayer hall has a large green dome that stands out with its smooth, domed shape. The dome measures 15 meters in diameter and is covered with green ceramic tiles.
- Prayer Areas: The main prayer hall has a seating capacity for 1,200 people with expansive windows allowing natural light to fill the space. It features a green-carpeted floor, highlighting the serene and tranquil environment.
- Minaret and Small Structures: The mosque is also equipped with small auxiliary buildings, including classrooms, meeting rooms, and the Imam’s office.
Islamic Education and Cultural Heritage
Lanzhou Nanguan Grand Mosque has been a significant center for Islamic education in Lanzhou. Over time, it has contributed greatly to the development of Islamic teachings and Islamic culture in the region. Many famous Islamic scholars, or Ahkums, have emerged from this mosque, including:
- Ma Wutai, Ma Yilong, Ma Jinha, Yang Rui, and others, who are renowned for their teachings in Islamic law and culture.
The mosque is also home to Qinghua Primary School (清华小学), which was historically a center for both Islamic and Chinese studies.
Notable Inscriptions
The mosque contains several inscriptions that highlight the cultural and historical significance of the site:
- “道冠古今” (“The Path Outshines All”) and “开天古教” (“The Ancient Teachings Open the Sky”) were inscriptions given by prominent figures such as the Governor of Shaanxi, Gansu, and Qinghai, Na Yancheng, and Yang Changrui.
- Other plaques honor scholars and military leaders like Ma Fu, Bai Chongxi, and others for their contributions to the mosque and Islamic culture.
Cultural Significance
Lanzhou Nanguan Grand Mosque has always been a symbol of Islamic unity in Lanzhou. The mosque has played a vital role in the Islamic community’s religious, educational, and social activities. It continues to attract visitors and Muslims from all over the world who wish to explore the Islamic culture and architecture of Lanzhou.
How to Get There
- By Air: Lanzhou Zhongchuan International Airport (兰州中川国际机场) is the nearest airport. From the airport, you can take a taxi or the airport shuttle bus to the mosque.
- By Train: Lanzhou Railway Station (兰州火车站) is well-connected to major cities. From the station, take a local bus or taxi to the mosque.
- By Local Transport: The mosque is located near Nanguan Intersection, easily accessible by city buses, taxis, or walking from the nearby areas of Lanzhou’s city center.
Travel Tips
- Dress Modestly: When visiting the mosque, it’s important to dress modestly and respectfully, especially for prayer times.
- Respect Local Customs: Avoid talking loudly or engaging in any activity that may disturb the worshippers.
- Photography: Ask for permission before taking photos, as some areas may be restricted.
- Visiting Hours: The mosque is generally open to the public, but avoid visiting during prayer times if you wish to avoid interruptions.
- Cultural Understanding: The mosque is not only a religious site but also a cultural and educational landmark. Take time to learn about the local Islamic history and culture during your visit.
