Chaozhou Archway Street
Chaozhou Archway Street (潮州牌坊街) is located in the center of the ancient city of Chaozhou. It is a cultural street that integrates intangible cultural heritage, traditional crafts, and local snacks. The unique architecture of the street features a blend of Chinese and Western styles, with 22 majestic stone archways from the Ming and Qing dynasties standing alongside Southeast Asian-style arcade buildings. The arcade architecture, introduced during the late Ming and early Qing periods, showcases a fusion of Chinese and Western influences, forming a distinctive overseas Chinese townscape. The shops along the street primarily focus on Chaozhou’s intangible cultural heritage, such as Chaozhou embroidery, hand-pulled teapots, ceramics, Gongfu tea, and local delicacies like Chaozhou’s three treasures, beef hotpot, rice noodles, and licorice fruits. A visit to Archway Street offers an immersive experience into the history and culture of Chaozhou’s ancient city.
Chaozhou Archway Street is a one-of-a-kind cultural landmark in China. According to Mr. Huang Mei-Cen’s “Chronicles of Chaozhou Archways” (《潮州牌坊纪略》), it is believed that archways in Chaozhou date back to the Tang and Song dynasties, initially built from wood and shaped like “Wu-ao-du-men” (乌凹肚门). In 2022, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of China officially included Chaozhou’s Archway Street in the first batch of national-level tourism leisure streets.
Key Facts:
- Chinese Name: 潮州牌坊街
- English Name: Paifang Street of Chaozhou
- Location: Chaozhou City (潮州市)
- Historical Origin: Believed to trace back to the Tang and Song dynasties
- Architecture: Initially built from wood, shaped like “Wu-ao-du-men” (乌凹肚门)
- Cultural Significance: A unique cultural landscape reflecting Chaozhou’s rich history
Ancient City Archways
In ancient times, rulers promoted ethics and morality, erecting archways to commemorate outstanding achievements related to filial piety, virtues, and academic successes. These archways were known as “Biao-Lu” (表闾) and served a commemorative function. During the Ming dynasty, they were built from stone and enhanced with layered structures and intricate decorations. Some archways had two pillars with a single gateway, while others had four pillars and three gates, creating a monumental and decorative appearance. These structures became symbols of local culture and heritage.
By the late Qing dynasty and early Republic of China, arcade-style buildings with Southeast Asian influences were introduced to Guangdong. This period also saw the transformation of Taiping Road and Dongmen Street into arcade-style commercial streets, which coexisted with the Ming and Qing stone archways, creating a distinct historical and cultural district.
In 1951, 19 of the existing stone archways were demolished as they obstructed traffic and posed safety risks. Fortunately, photographs of these archways and their inscriptions were taken before their destruction. Some of the components were collected by various institutions and later restored.
Restoration of Archway Street
In 2006, Chaozhou initiated the restoration project of Archway Street. The restoration aimed to refurbish 22 archways (20 on Taiping Road and 2 on Dongmen Street) and to preserve historic buildings along the street. The project also included the protection of ancient wells, pavement improvements, and the installation of new public facilities. The restored Archway Street is now part of the ancient city’s cultural tourism hub, connected to various important historical sites, such as Guangji Gate Tower (广济门城楼), Guangji Bridge (广济桥), Han Wen Gong Shrine (韩文公祠), and the Chaozhou Kiln Ruins (笔架山潮州窑遗址). The project has successfully transformed the area into a cultural center that reflects Chaozhou’s historical landscape, cultural environment, and economic life.
Restoration Timeline:
- 2004: The restoration project was initiated, and the restoration of the archways began.
- 2007: The installation and inspection of the archways were completed.
- 2009: The project was officially completed and opened to the public.
The restoration preserved the original locations, appearances, structures, materials, and craftsmanship of the archways, although some changes were made due to environmental factors and layout considerations. This monumental restoration effort has made Chaozhou Archway Street a symbol of cultural pride, standing as the largest and most significant collection of ancient archways in China.
Historical Significance of the Archways
Chaozhou City (潮州城) has long been the political center of Eastern Guangdong. It served as the administrative center for the region and was home to many high-ranking officials. During the Song dynasty, Chaozhou flourished with an abundance of talented individuals, and the city became a cultural hotspot during the Ming and Qing dynasties. As a result, numerous archways were built in the city to commemorate various achievements and virtues.
Historical records indicate that Chaozhou once had 91 archways, including 39 on Taiping Road, 44 in other streets and alleys, and 57 in surrounding villages. These archways earned Chaozhou the nickname “City of Archways” (牌坊城). The archways on Taiping Road were particularly grand and numerous, with a mix of two-pillared one-gate and four-pillared three-gate designs, creating a spectacular and unique atmosphere.
In the past, Chaozhou was known for its beautiful archways, many of which were constructed from stone. These archways were often decorated with intricate carvings, such as dragons, phoenixes, and other traditional motifs. Local residents affectionately referred to them as “Ting” (亭), due to their structural and decorative features.
The Decline and Demolition of Archways
By the time Chaozhou was liberated in October 1949, 39 archways still stood. However, due to natural wear and tear, as well as the influence of modern urban development, many of these archways began to deteriorate. In 1951, a series of archways were demolished due to concerns about their safety and obstructing traffic. One of the most famous incidents occurred on December 17, 1950, when the “Baisui Xiangbin” (百岁乡宾坊) archway collapsed, resulting in the tragic death of a postal worker. Following this, a decision was made to dismantle the archways, with 36 archways being removed. Only three, the “Yue Bo” (岳伯) and “Sheng Lang” (省郎) archways, survived until later being destroyed.
Despite efforts to preserve the archways, the dismantling process marked the end of an era. A few components were stored for protection, but many of them were lost or scattered. Today, only a few remnants of these archways remain in Chaozhou.
New Beginnings: The Restoration of Archways
After Chaozhou was recognized as a national historical and cultural city in December 1986, the restoration of Archway Street was put on the agenda. The restoration was delayed due to various constraints but resumed in the 21st century, driven by tourism and the city’s growing recognition of its cultural heritage. The restoration project began in 2004, and in 2009, it was officially completed.
Chaozhou’s Archway Street now stands as a living testament to the city’s rich cultural heritage and historical legacy. It has become an iconic destination for tourists and an important cultural landmark in Guangdong Province. Visitors to the area can experience the blend of history, architecture, and local traditions that make Chaozhou a unique cultural destination.
Key Landmarks in the Area:
- Guangji Gate Tower (广济门城楼)
- Guangji Bridge (广济桥)
- Han Wen Gong Shrine (韩文公祠)
- Chaozhou Kiln Ruins (笔架山潮州窑遗址)
- Kaiyuan Temple (开元寺)
- Ji Lue Huang Gong Shrine (己略黄公祠)
- Xu Fu Ma Mansion (许驸马府)
These landmarks help to create a vibrant cultural center, offering insights into Chaozhou’s historical and cultural significance.
Cultural Value
According to the primary designer of the archway restoration project, Engineer Qiu Chuangping (邱创平), the 22 restored archways include 18 built during the Ming Dynasty (1517-1637) and 4 built during the Qing Dynasty (1736-1785), spanning a period of 268 years. The archways feature various historical titles, such as the “Top Scholar Arch” (状元坊), “Second Scholar Arch” (榜眼坊), “Minister Arch” (尚书坊), “Censor Arch” (柱史坊), “Grand Commander Arch” (大总制坊), “Four Scholars Arch” (四进士坊), “Seven Talents Arch” (七俊坊), and the “88-Year-Old Scholar Arch” (八十八岁中进士的木天人瑞坊). Other notable archways include the “Arch of a Father and Son Scholars” (父子兄弟俱中进士的科甲济美坊) and the “Golden List of Glories Arch” (金榜联芳坊), among others.
The structures of these archways vary, with some having 12 columns, 8 columns, or 4 columns, built to withstand earthquakes up to magnitude 8, ensuring that they are “unbroken in major earthquakes and undisturbed in minor ones.” The restoration project incorporated 42 original components, including plaques from the “Seven Talents” (七俊), “Blessing of Brocade” (赐锦重光), and “88-Year-Old Scholar” (木天人瑞) archways, as well as the imperial edict boards, carved greenstone, and relief sculptures.
The restoration of the Chaozhou Archway (潮州牌坊) has fulfilled the dreams of Chaozhou citizens for half a century, reflecting the renewed prosperity of the city in recent years. It also revives an important historical district of the famous city of Chaozhou, creating a unique cultural landmark in China. This restoration is expected to have a significant impact on the protection and development of historical cultural cities and the growth of the tourism industry.
Introduction to the Archways
Four Scholars Archway (四进士坊)
Located at the entrance of the Four Scholars Pavilion Lane (四进士亭巷口). Standing at the entrance of the Four Scholars Pavilion Lane, the Four Scholars Archway features inscriptions that read: “For Hanlin Academy’s editor Xiao Yucheng, Shaanxi Provincial Censor Su Xin, Henan Provincial Censor Chen Daqi, and Traffic Officer Xue Kan”. On the left side is inscribed “Chaozhou Prefect Qiu Qiren, Deputy Prefect Huang Hong, and Judge Fan Weigong, proposed by Judge Qin Chuanjian.”
Civil Minister Archway (文宗方伯坊)
Located at the entrance of Junting Lane (军厅巷口). The Civil Minister Archway was built in honor of Huang Cong, a Fujian official during the Ming Dynasty. This archway is oriented north-south, and the southern inscription reads “Imperial Order of Three Honors” (皇命三锡). Huang Cong, known by his courtesy name Yutian, was a successful scholar in the 26th year of the Ming Dynasty’s Wanli reign (1598), serving as a judge and advocating for justice. He also contributed significantly to public welfare.
Top Scholar Archway (状元坊)
Located at the entrance of Pu Lane (铺巷口). Among the many archways, the “Top Scholar Archway” at the entrance of Pu Lane is arguably the most famous. Unlike other archways, this one features a continuous beam across the first level, symbolizing “the pillar of the nation,” while other archways do not have such a solid structure. The “Top Scholar Archway” was built to honor Lin Daqin, the top scholar (Zhuangyuan) of the Ming Dynasty’s Jiajing reign, who was awarded the highest honors.
Imperial Prime Minister Archway (圣朝使相·覃恩三锡坊)
Located at the north side of Yingju Lane (英聚巷口). This archway was constructed to honor Zheng Dajin, an imperial prime minister and a top scholar, also known as the Minister of the Court.
Confucian Scholar Archway (理学儒宗·铨曹冰鉴坊)
Located at the entrance of Yangyu Lane (羊玉巷口). The Confucian Scholar Archway, also known as the Four Lions Pavilion (四狮亭), was built to commemorate Tang Boyuan, an official from the Ministry of Personnel.
Column Historian Archway (柱史坊)
Located at the entrance of Liuyan Lane (柳衙巷口). The Column Historian Archway was built in honor of Xu Hongyou, a Ming Dynasty imperial censor. Xu Hongyou, a native of Haiyang (潮安), was a brave official who worked to protect the people and fight for justice.
Three Generations of Ministers Archway (三世尚书·四朝大老坊)
Located at the entrance of Fensi Lane (分司巷口). This archway was constructed to honor Lin Zan, a senior official who served in three different reigns. The archway commemorates Lin’s son Lin Qiao and grandson Lin Xichun, who all held high-ranking official positions.
Scholars and Sages Archway (宗伯学士·三世宫端坊)
Located at the entrance of Zaiyang Lane (载阳巷口). This archway was built to honor Huang Jin, a scholar who served as the Minister of Rites in Nanjing. His contribution to Confucianism is commemorated here.
Eight Virtuous Scholars Archway (戊辰八贤·盛世元凯坊)
Located at the entrance of Guangyuan Street (广源街口). The Eight Virtuous Scholars Archway, also known as the “Bingchen Eight Virtuous Scholars Archway,” was constructed to honor eight men who passed the imperial examination in the year of the Bingchen (1628) during the reign of the Ming Dynasty. These individuals were highly respected for their virtues and scholarly achievements.
Grace and Honor Archway (恩光洊锡坊)
Located at the east side of Dongmen Street (东门街古井东侧). The Grace and Honor Archway was built to honor Wen You, an official who was repeatedly bestowed honors and titles by the imperial court, including being made the Minister of the Ministry of War.
Seven Talented Scholars Archway (七俊坊)
Located at the west side of Dongmen Street (东门街古井西侧). The Seven Talented Scholars Archway was built to honor seven exceptional scholars from the Ming Dynasty who passed the imperial exams in 1544.
Young Minister Archway (少司马·大总制坊)
Located at the southern end of Dongmen Street (东门街口南面). This archway was built to honor Wen Wanda, a military officer who was a prominent official overseeing the defense of Hebei and Shanxi during the Ming Dynasty.
Provincial Governor Archway (节镇三省·诰敕重封坊)
Located at the entrance of Sanjia Lane (三家巷口). This archway was constructed to honor Chen Zhiyi, a man who served as an official in several provinces and was recognized for his excellent governance.
Imperial Attendant Archway (侍御坊)
Located at the entrance of Sanjia Lane (三家巷口). The Imperial Attendant Archway was built to honor Cheng Zixue, a scholar and official who served as an imperial censor during the Ming Dynasty.
Double Honored Archway (两京科道·金榜联芳坊)
Located at the north end of Kaiyuan Road (开元路口北面). This archway was constructed to honor Zheng An and his brother Zheng Yun, both of whom were highly respected officials serving in the Ministry of Civil Affairs.
Government Award Archway (台省褒封·科甲济美坊)
Located at the entrance of Jinju Lane (金聚巷口). This archway was built to honor the family of Li Yi, who contributed to the education and culture of the region. His family produced several successful scholars and civil servants.
Administrative Official Archway (大理少卿·经略边务坊)
Located at the entrance of Yijing Lane (义井巷口). The Administrative Official Archway was built to honor Wu Yiguan, who served as a junior minister in the Ministry of Justice during the Ming Dynasty. He was involved in overseeing border affairs and military issues.
Four Generations of Officials Archway (吴楚重镇·四世大夫坊)
Located at the entrance of Jiadi Lane (甲第巷口). This archway was built to honor Lin Bingxing, a military officer who served as the commander of military affairs in Hubei and Hunan provinces.
Honors and Reputation Archway (赐锦重光·貤封叠被坊)
Located at the entrance of Dashishi Lane (大石狮巷口). This archway was built to honor Qiu Xuan’ang, a distinguished scholar and official during the Qing Dynasty. He was recognized for his contributions to governance and education.
Autumn Stage Archway (榜眼·秋台坊)
Located at the entrance of Jiahuo Lane (家伙巷口). This archway was built in honor of Wang Dabao, a prominent scholar and the second-ranked individual in the imperial examination of the Southern Song Dynasty in 1128.
Imperial Hall of Longevity Archway (玉署仙班·木天人瑞坊)
Located at the entrance of Shipai Lane (石牌巷口). This archway was built to honor Liu Qizhen, a scholar who achieved success in the imperial exams at the age of 88 and lived to be over 100 years old.
Judicial Archway (大理司平·两浙都运坊)
Located at the entrance of Gucun Lane (辜厝巷口). This archway was constructed to honor Zheng Chong, an official in the Ministry of Justice and an administrator of salt in the Zhejiang region.
Ten Prime Ministers Memorial Archway (十相留声坊)
Located at the entrance of Zhengcuo Lane (郑厝巷口). The Ten Prime Ministers Memorial Archway was built in memory of ten prominent officials, known as the “Ten Prime Ministers,” who were exiled or fled with the fall of their respective dynasties.
Recognition
On January 10, 2022, Chaozhou’s Xiangqiao District Archway Street (湘桥区牌坊街) was selected as one of the first batch of national-level tourist resorts (首批国家级旅游度假区).
